Standard procedure in an electrical driven machine
A drive system for a machine, in particular a weaving machine, is designed in a manner such that controlled electric power is applied to a rotary electric drive motor (2) as a function of particular angular positions of the motor and such that electrical energy applied to the motor is reduced or interrupted during phases of increasing angular speed of the motor. Phases of increasing angular speed are detected by the drive system to determine phases of increasing angular speed. A method for controlling an electrical motor drive system using a switchable reluctance motor to reduce or interrupt electrical energy supplied to the motor based on motor speed increases as a function of motor angular position is also disclosed. Safety Procedures Internal Show Security Safety: SRL has a strict policy of locking down the show staging area (playing field) during shows. Authorized personal and SRL crew only are allowed inside the designated show staging area during show times. A SRL security lead will be overseeing security and safety of all machines and crew prior to show time, during Showtime and post show clean up in the playing area. Barriers Barriers placed between audience and mobile machines will be provided by Robodock. There is only one projectile machine: the Original Air Launcher which will be aimed at targets that are positioned away from audience. Safety crew will be stationed along the perimeter to ensure that the audience stays within the barriers. All machines have emergency kill switches and their operators are well-versed and familiar with emergency shutdown procedures of the machine they are operating. Exits Emergency exits will be set up and clearly marked based on the site. Wind direction will also be considered when planning for audience placement. Fire The crew will be equipped with fire extinguishers to be provided by Robodock and are well-trained in the operation as well as shut down of each of the machines they are running. Each machine will be manned by at least 2 crew members one of whom acts as a spotter. Mobile machine operators are in radio contact with each other for the duration of the show. Mobile Machine Emergency Shutdown All machines have externally mounted kill switches. All Futaba radio controllers enter a fail-safe mode with all channels off if radio signal is lost. Noise Crew will be equipped with eye and ear protection. Ear protection should be given out to the audience. Attendees should also be notified of this on announcements pertaining to the perforamnce. Debris The Hovercraft kicks up dust - the site should be either watered down so it is moist and the area free of debris. The crew will clear the area prior to the show. Audience Placement, Show Site Planning and Design Additioanlly, audience, barrier, exits, and machine placement will be determined together with Robodock crew on site upon SRL's arrival.
www.themachineexperts.com
Tuesday, 18 March 2008
Hazards in Communication
HAZARDS IN COMMUNICATION
Hazards have always been a fact of life. However, recent events and their coverage in the media have focussed attention of the public on possible risks they face as a result of technological advance and climate change. In this complex world people need to understand the nature of the hazards they face and the magnitude of any associated risk so that they can decide how to respond to them. The Hazards Forum believes, amongst other things, that such issues should be freely debated and seeks to provide this opportunity and draw unbiased conclusions.
poor communication ways can cause personal absences, loss of equipment and lost time or just a common concern for the safety of people.
the increased flow of information seems to have had an opposite effect, resulting in an increased tort liability cases by workers who believe their illness or just injuries were caused by real or imagined exposures to substance such as chemicals.
Chemical manufacturers, importers or employers must ensure that the information recorded accurately reflects the scientific evidence used in making the hazard determination. If the chemical manufacturer, importer or employer preparing the material safety data sheet becomes newly aware of any significant information regarding the hazards of a chemical, or ways to protect against the hazards, this new information shall be added to the material safety data sheet within three months. If the chemical is not currently being produced or imported the chemical manufacturer or importer shall add the information to the material safety data sheet before the chemical is introduced into the workplace again.
Chemical manufacturers or importers MUST ensure that distributors and employers are provided an appropriate material safety data sheet with their initial shipment, and with the first shipment after a material safety data sheet is updated.
The employer must maintain in the workplace copies of the required material safety data sheets for each dangers such as hazardous chemicals, and shall ensure that they are readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in their work area(s). (Electronic access, microfiche, and other alternatives to maintaining paper copies of the material safety data sheets are permitted as long as no barriers to immediate employee access in each workplace are created by such options.)
Employers must provide employees with effective information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area at the time of their initial assignment, and whenever a new physical or health hazard the employees have not previously been trained about is introduced into their work area. Information and training may be designed to cover categories of hazards (e.g., flammability, carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals. Chemical-specific information must always be available through labels and material safety data sheets.
Actions such as stopping work or refusing to work normally, which aims to obtain better pay and working conditions, awre carried out after many forms of communications. It is used to remedy a grievance or to resolve a dispute of ay matter of mutual interest between employer and employee. Industrial action can mean a total stoppage of work or a performance of work only partly withheld, e.g. slowing down or insisting on exaggerated observances of work regulations and safety provisions. In this case we speak of a go-slow or a work-to-rule.
www.wikipedia.com/wiki/communicationhazards
Hazards have always been a fact of life. However, recent events and their coverage in the media have focussed attention of the public on possible risks they face as a result of technological advance and climate change. In this complex world people need to understand the nature of the hazards they face and the magnitude of any associated risk so that they can decide how to respond to them. The Hazards Forum believes, amongst other things, that such issues should be freely debated and seeks to provide this opportunity and draw unbiased conclusions.
poor communication ways can cause personal absences, loss of equipment and lost time or just a common concern for the safety of people.
the increased flow of information seems to have had an opposite effect, resulting in an increased tort liability cases by workers who believe their illness or just injuries were caused by real or imagined exposures to substance such as chemicals.
Chemical manufacturers, importers or employers must ensure that the information recorded accurately reflects the scientific evidence used in making the hazard determination. If the chemical manufacturer, importer or employer preparing the material safety data sheet becomes newly aware of any significant information regarding the hazards of a chemical, or ways to protect against the hazards, this new information shall be added to the material safety data sheet within three months. If the chemical is not currently being produced or imported the chemical manufacturer or importer shall add the information to the material safety data sheet before the chemical is introduced into the workplace again.
Chemical manufacturers or importers MUST ensure that distributors and employers are provided an appropriate material safety data sheet with their initial shipment, and with the first shipment after a material safety data sheet is updated.
The employer must maintain in the workplace copies of the required material safety data sheets for each dangers such as hazardous chemicals, and shall ensure that they are readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in their work area(s). (Electronic access, microfiche, and other alternatives to maintaining paper copies of the material safety data sheets are permitted as long as no barriers to immediate employee access in each workplace are created by such options.)
Employers must provide employees with effective information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area at the time of their initial assignment, and whenever a new physical or health hazard the employees have not previously been trained about is introduced into their work area. Information and training may be designed to cover categories of hazards (e.g., flammability, carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals. Chemical-specific information must always be available through labels and material safety data sheets.
Actions such as stopping work or refusing to work normally, which aims to obtain better pay and working conditions, awre carried out after many forms of communications. It is used to remedy a grievance or to resolve a dispute of ay matter of mutual interest between employer and employee. Industrial action can mean a total stoppage of work or a performance of work only partly withheld, e.g. slowing down or insisting on exaggerated observances of work regulations and safety provisions. In this case we speak of a go-slow or a work-to-rule.
www.wikipedia.com/wiki/communicationhazards
Monday, 17 March 2008
EGRONOMICS
Ergonomics
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the application of scientific information concerning objects, systems and environment for human use (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in 2007). Ergonomics is commonly thought of as how companies design tasks and work areas to maximize the efficiency and quality of their employees’ work. However, ergonomics comes into everything which involves people. Work systems, sports and leisure, health and safety should all embody ergonomics principles if well designed.
It is the applied science of equipment design intended to maximize productivity by reducing operator fatigue and discomfort. The field is also called biotechnology, human engineering, and human factors engineering.
Ergonomic research is primarily performed by ergonomists who study human capabilities in relationship to their work demands. Information derived from ergonomists contributes to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people (IEA, 2000).
[edit] Foundations
Ergonomics draws on many disciplines in its study of humans and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, industrial design, kinesiology, physiology and psychology.
Typically, an ergonomist will have a BA or BS in Psychology, Industrial/Mechanical Engineering or Health Sciences, and usually an MA, MS or PhD in a related discipline. Many universities offer Master of Science degrees in Ergonomics, while some offer Master of Ergonomics or Master of Human Factors degrees.
More recently, occupational therapists have been moving into the field of ergonomics and the field has been heralded as one of the top ten emerging practice areas to watch for in the new millennium. [1]
[edit] Applications
The more than twenty technical subgroups within the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) indicate the range of applications for ergonomics. Human factors engineering continues to be successfully applied in the fields of aerospace, aging, health care, IT, product design, transportation, training, nuclear and virtual environments, among others. Kim Vicente, a University of Toronto Professor of Ergonomics, argues that the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl is attributable to plant designers not paying enough attention to human factors. "The operators were trained but the complexity of the reactor and the control panels nevertheless outstripped their ability to grasp what they were seeing [during the prelude to the disaster]."
Physical ergonomics is important in the medical field, particularly to those diagnosed with physiological ailments or disorders such as arthritis (both chronic and temporary) or carpal tunnel syndrome. Pressure that is insignificant or imperceptible to those unaffected by these disorders may be very painful, or render a device unusable, for those who are. Many ergonomically designed products are also used or recommended to treat or prevent such disorders, and to treat pressure-related chronic pain.
Human factors issues arise in simple systems and consumer products as well. Some examples include cellular telephones and other handheld devices that continue to shrink yet grow more complex (a phenomenon referred to as "creeping featurism"), millions of VCRs blinking "12:00" across the world because very few people can figure out how to program them, or alarm clocks that allow sleepy users to inadvertently turn off the alarm when they mean to hit 'snooze'. A user-centered design (UCD), also known as a systems approach or the usability engineering lifecycle aims to improve the user-system.
[edit] Engineering psychology
Engineering psychology is an interdisciplinary part of Ergonomics and studies the relationships of people to machines, with the intent of improving such relationships. This may involve redesigning equipment, changing the way people use machines, or changing the location in which the work takes place. Often, the work of an engineering psychologist is described as making the relationship more "user-friendly."
Engineering Psychology is an applied field of psychology concerned with psychological factors in the design and use of equipment. Human factors is broader than engineering psychology, which is focused specifically on designing systems that accommodate the information-processing capabilities of the brain (see Wickens and Hollands 2000).
Colloquial Use
Outside of the discipline itself, the term 'ergonomics' is generally used to refer to physical ergonomics as it relates to the workplace (as in for example ergonomic chairs and keyboards).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the application of scientific information concerning objects, systems and environment for human use (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in 2007). Ergonomics is commonly thought of as how companies design tasks and work areas to maximize the efficiency and quality of their employees’ work. However, ergonomics comes into everything which involves people. Work systems, sports and leisure, health and safety should all embody ergonomics principles if well designed.
It is the applied science of equipment design intended to maximize productivity by reducing operator fatigue and discomfort. The field is also called biotechnology, human engineering, and human factors engineering.
Ergonomic research is primarily performed by ergonomists who study human capabilities in relationship to their work demands. Information derived from ergonomists contributes to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people (IEA, 2000).
[edit] Foundations
Ergonomics draws on many disciplines in its study of humans and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, industrial design, kinesiology, physiology and psychology.
Typically, an ergonomist will have a BA or BS in Psychology, Industrial/Mechanical Engineering or Health Sciences, and usually an MA, MS or PhD in a related discipline. Many universities offer Master of Science degrees in Ergonomics, while some offer Master of Ergonomics or Master of Human Factors degrees.
More recently, occupational therapists have been moving into the field of ergonomics and the field has been heralded as one of the top ten emerging practice areas to watch for in the new millennium. [1]
[edit] Applications
The more than twenty technical subgroups within the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) indicate the range of applications for ergonomics. Human factors engineering continues to be successfully applied in the fields of aerospace, aging, health care, IT, product design, transportation, training, nuclear and virtual environments, among others. Kim Vicente, a University of Toronto Professor of Ergonomics, argues that the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl is attributable to plant designers not paying enough attention to human factors. "The operators were trained but the complexity of the reactor and the control panels nevertheless outstripped their ability to grasp what they were seeing [during the prelude to the disaster]."
Physical ergonomics is important in the medical field, particularly to those diagnosed with physiological ailments or disorders such as arthritis (both chronic and temporary) or carpal tunnel syndrome. Pressure that is insignificant or imperceptible to those unaffected by these disorders may be very painful, or render a device unusable, for those who are. Many ergonomically designed products are also used or recommended to treat or prevent such disorders, and to treat pressure-related chronic pain.
Human factors issues arise in simple systems and consumer products as well. Some examples include cellular telephones and other handheld devices that continue to shrink yet grow more complex (a phenomenon referred to as "creeping featurism"), millions of VCRs blinking "12:00" across the world because very few people can figure out how to program them, or alarm clocks that allow sleepy users to inadvertently turn off the alarm when they mean to hit 'snooze'. A user-centered design (UCD), also known as a systems approach or the usability engineering lifecycle aims to improve the user-system.
[edit] Engineering psychology
Engineering psychology is an interdisciplinary part of Ergonomics and studies the relationships of people to machines, with the intent of improving such relationships. This may involve redesigning equipment, changing the way people use machines, or changing the location in which the work takes place. Often, the work of an engineering psychologist is described as making the relationship more "user-friendly."
Engineering Psychology is an applied field of psychology concerned with psychological factors in the design and use of equipment. Human factors is broader than engineering psychology, which is focused specifically on designing systems that accommodate the information-processing capabilities of the brain (see Wickens and Hollands 2000).
Colloquial Use
Outside of the discipline itself, the term 'ergonomics' is generally used to refer to physical ergonomics as it relates to the workplace (as in for example ergonomic chairs and keyboards).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics
MACHINE OPERATING PROCEDURES
MACHINE OPERATING PROCEDURES
Safety glasses must be worn at all times in work areas. Long and loose hair must be contained.
Sturdy footwear must be worn at all times in work areas. Close fitting/protective clothing must be worn.
Rings and jewellery must not be worn.
Hearing protection must be worn when using this engine.
PRE-OPERATIONAL SAFETY CHECKS
1. Ensure that the engine has operating and maintenance instructions permanently located and clearly visible.
2. The equipment must be used in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
3. Ensure the area is clean and clear of grease, oil, and objects that may be a slip/trip hazard.
4. Familiarise yourself with and check all machine operations and controls.
5. Check all safety devices are in good condition.
6. Ensure work area is well ventilated and fume extraction is switched on before operating.
7. Ensure all flammable materials are correctly stored before operating.
8. Faulty equipment must not be used. Immediately report suspect equipment.
OPERATIONAL SAFETY CHECKS
1. Engines must not be run unless a qualified staff member is supervising operation.
2. Only one person shall operate the engine at a time.
3. Ensure area is clear of people and equipment before operating.
4. Never leave the engine running unattended.
5. During operation and when cooling down, parts of the plant are hot and/or rotating.
6. When finished ensure that the battery (if fitted) and fuel line are turned off.
HOUSEKEEPING
1. Switch off equipment.
2. Leave the equipment and work area in a safe, clean and tidy state.
POTENTIAL HAZARDS
Hot components
Entanglement hazards – rotating shafts
Fume
Trapping hazards
Crushing hazards
Fire
Fuel
http://www.decs.sa.gov.au/ohs/pages/injuryprevention
Safety glasses must be worn at all times in work areas. Long and loose hair must be contained.
Sturdy footwear must be worn at all times in work areas. Close fitting/protective clothing must be worn.
Rings and jewellery must not be worn.
Hearing protection must be worn when using this engine.
PRE-OPERATIONAL SAFETY CHECKS
1. Ensure that the engine has operating and maintenance instructions permanently located and clearly visible.
2. The equipment must be used in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
3. Ensure the area is clean and clear of grease, oil, and objects that may be a slip/trip hazard.
4. Familiarise yourself with and check all machine operations and controls.
5. Check all safety devices are in good condition.
6. Ensure work area is well ventilated and fume extraction is switched on before operating.
7. Ensure all flammable materials are correctly stored before operating.
8. Faulty equipment must not be used. Immediately report suspect equipment.
OPERATIONAL SAFETY CHECKS
1. Engines must not be run unless a qualified staff member is supervising operation.
2. Only one person shall operate the engine at a time.
3. Ensure area is clear of people and equipment before operating.
4. Never leave the engine running unattended.
5. During operation and when cooling down, parts of the plant are hot and/or rotating.
6. When finished ensure that the battery (if fitted) and fuel line are turned off.
HOUSEKEEPING
1. Switch off equipment.
2. Leave the equipment and work area in a safe, clean and tidy state.
POTENTIAL HAZARDS
Hot components
Entanglement hazards – rotating shafts
Fume
Trapping hazards
Crushing hazards
Fire
Fuel
http://www.decs.sa.gov.au/ohs/pages/injuryprevention
Monday, 10 March 2008
Accident Investigation procedure
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE
Introduction
Scope and Application
Program Description
Roles and Responsibilities
Introduction
Accidents occur when hazards escape detection during preventive measures, such as a job or process safety analysis, when hazards are not obvious, or as the result of combinations of circumstances that were difficult to foresee. A thorough accident investigation may identify previously overlooked physical, environmental, adminstrative, or process hazards, the need for new or more extensive safety training, or unsafe work practices. The primary focus of any accident investigation should be the determination of the facts surrounding the incident and the lessons that can be learned to prevent future similar occurrences.
Scope and Application
All accidents should be investigated. The depth and complexity of the investigation will vary with the circumstances and seriousness of the accident. The Supervisor or other individual responsible for operations involved in an accident should ensure that an investigation is conducted and that when appropriate, corrective actions are taken.
Program Description
The first priority whenever an accident occurs is to deal with the emergency and ensure that any injuries or illnesses receive prompt medical attention. The accident investigation should begin immediately thereafter. This ensures that details of what occurred will be fresh in people’s minds and that witnesses don’t influence one another by talking about the accident. It also minimizes the likelihood that important evidence is not moved, lost, taken, destroyed, or thrown away before the scene has been thoroughly inspected.
Types of Accidents
Accidents fall into two categories, serious and non-serious. Non-serious accidents do not cause lost workdays even though the worst that could happen did happen. Examples of these include paper cuts, minor scratches or abrasions, or system failures that have minor consequences, such as a low-pressure hose that ruptures and sprays cool water. Serious accidents include both those which did involve lost workdays and those which might have. This second type of serious accident is called a "near miss." Examples of near misses with serious injury potential include:
A worker twists an ankle in a fall from a low scaffold (this could easily have been a broken leg or worse);
A worker tips back in a chair and topples backward (backward falls are always serious because head injury might result);
A worker turns on a machine and gets a slight shock (shock from voltage potential greater than 75 volts DC or 40 volts AC is considered serious).
After an accident or near miss occurs, supervisors should contact EHS. All serious accidents, those involving lost workdays or near misses, should be investigated with the same thoroughness.
Who Should Investigate
Supervisors should note initial details of the incident and contact EHS to schedule an interview with the injured employee. Regardless of the type of investigation, the supervisor should be involved for the following reasons:
Supervisors have a responsibility to provide their workers with a safe and healthful workplace;
Supervisors know the workers and their work better than anyone else and are in the best position to gather the facts and find a practical solution to the problem;
The supervisor’s involvement can help promote better relations with workers by demonstrating concern for their safety and attention to accident prevention.
Accident Investigate Approach
As with most other tasks, skill in conducting effective accident investigations improves with experience. A good basic approach is to find out what caused the accident and what can be done to prevent or minimize the chances of a similar accident occurring. Some suggestions that may help supervisors get the facts and reach a conclusion include:
Maintain objectivity throughout the investigation. Its purpose is to find the cause of the accident, not to assign blame for its occurrence.
Check the accident site and circumstances thoroughly before anything is changed.
Discuss the accident with the injured person, but only after first aid or medical treatment has been given. Also talk with anyone who witnessed the accident and those familiar with conditions immediately before and after it occurred.
Be thorough. Small details may point to the real cause.
Reconstruct the events that resulted in the accident, considering all possible causes. Determine unsafe conditions or actions that separately or in combination were contributing factors.
What To Do With The Results
Supervisors should take action to control or eliminate the conditions that caused the accident once these have been conclusively identified. EHS can provide assistance in determining the level of action that may be necessary, such as the following:
When equipment changes or safeguards are necessary, supervisors should discuss specific recommendations with Department management;
When an operation can be changed to eliminate the hazard, supervisors should make the change if it is within their authority, or seek the necessary approval from Department management;
If unsafe acts by workers are involved, ensure that the worker is properly trained and that training is followed. All others involved in similar operations should be trained as well.
Roles and Responsibilities
Department
Ensure accidents involving their operations or workers are investigated.
Ensure corrective actions are taken.
Supervisors
Participate in incident investigations.
Take corrective actions.
EHS
Investigate incidents promptly and thoroughly.
Issue accident investigation reports.
Provide training in investigation methods and techniques when requested.
Individual
Cooperate with supervisors and others during investigations.
http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/healthsafetyguide
Introduction
Scope and Application
Program Description
Roles and Responsibilities
Introduction
Accidents occur when hazards escape detection during preventive measures, such as a job or process safety analysis, when hazards are not obvious, or as the result of combinations of circumstances that were difficult to foresee. A thorough accident investigation may identify previously overlooked physical, environmental, adminstrative, or process hazards, the need for new or more extensive safety training, or unsafe work practices. The primary focus of any accident investigation should be the determination of the facts surrounding the incident and the lessons that can be learned to prevent future similar occurrences.
Scope and Application
All accidents should be investigated. The depth and complexity of the investigation will vary with the circumstances and seriousness of the accident. The Supervisor or other individual responsible for operations involved in an accident should ensure that an investigation is conducted and that when appropriate, corrective actions are taken.
Program Description
The first priority whenever an accident occurs is to deal with the emergency and ensure that any injuries or illnesses receive prompt medical attention. The accident investigation should begin immediately thereafter. This ensures that details of what occurred will be fresh in people’s minds and that witnesses don’t influence one another by talking about the accident. It also minimizes the likelihood that important evidence is not moved, lost, taken, destroyed, or thrown away before the scene has been thoroughly inspected.
Types of Accidents
Accidents fall into two categories, serious and non-serious. Non-serious accidents do not cause lost workdays even though the worst that could happen did happen. Examples of these include paper cuts, minor scratches or abrasions, or system failures that have minor consequences, such as a low-pressure hose that ruptures and sprays cool water. Serious accidents include both those which did involve lost workdays and those which might have. This second type of serious accident is called a "near miss." Examples of near misses with serious injury potential include:
A worker twists an ankle in a fall from a low scaffold (this could easily have been a broken leg or worse);
A worker tips back in a chair and topples backward (backward falls are always serious because head injury might result);
A worker turns on a machine and gets a slight shock (shock from voltage potential greater than 75 volts DC or 40 volts AC is considered serious).
After an accident or near miss occurs, supervisors should contact EHS. All serious accidents, those involving lost workdays or near misses, should be investigated with the same thoroughness.
Who Should Investigate
Supervisors should note initial details of the incident and contact EHS to schedule an interview with the injured employee. Regardless of the type of investigation, the supervisor should be involved for the following reasons:
Supervisors have a responsibility to provide their workers with a safe and healthful workplace;
Supervisors know the workers and their work better than anyone else and are in the best position to gather the facts and find a practical solution to the problem;
The supervisor’s involvement can help promote better relations with workers by demonstrating concern for their safety and attention to accident prevention.
Accident Investigate Approach
As with most other tasks, skill in conducting effective accident investigations improves with experience. A good basic approach is to find out what caused the accident and what can be done to prevent or minimize the chances of a similar accident occurring. Some suggestions that may help supervisors get the facts and reach a conclusion include:
Maintain objectivity throughout the investigation. Its purpose is to find the cause of the accident, not to assign blame for its occurrence.
Check the accident site and circumstances thoroughly before anything is changed.
Discuss the accident with the injured person, but only after first aid or medical treatment has been given. Also talk with anyone who witnessed the accident and those familiar with conditions immediately before and after it occurred.
Be thorough. Small details may point to the real cause.
Reconstruct the events that resulted in the accident, considering all possible causes. Determine unsafe conditions or actions that separately or in combination were contributing factors.
What To Do With The Results
Supervisors should take action to control or eliminate the conditions that caused the accident once these have been conclusively identified. EHS can provide assistance in determining the level of action that may be necessary, such as the following:
When equipment changes or safeguards are necessary, supervisors should discuss specific recommendations with Department management;
When an operation can be changed to eliminate the hazard, supervisors should make the change if it is within their authority, or seek the necessary approval from Department management;
If unsafe acts by workers are involved, ensure that the worker is properly trained and that training is followed. All others involved in similar operations should be trained as well.
Roles and Responsibilities
Department
Ensure accidents involving their operations or workers are investigated.
Ensure corrective actions are taken.
Supervisors
Participate in incident investigations.
Take corrective actions.
EHS
Investigate incidents promptly and thoroughly.
Issue accident investigation reports.
Provide training in investigation methods and techniques when requested.
Individual
Cooperate with supervisors and others during investigations.
http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/healthsafetyguide
Enviromental Safety
Enviromental Safety
Environment, Safety & Health
Here's a step-by-step guide describing what happens at each stage of the treatment process and how pollutants are removed to help keep our waterways clean. This information is courtesy of the Greater Vancouve
1. Screening:Wastewater entering the treatment plant includes items like wood, rocks, and even dead animals. Unless they are removed, they could cause problems later in the treatment process. Most of these materials are sent to a landfill.2. Pumping:The wastewater system relies on the force of gravity to move sewage from your home to the treatment plant. So wastewater-treatment plants are located on low ground, often near a river into which treated water can be released. If the plant is built above the ground level, the wastewater has to be pumped up to the aeration tanks (item 3). From here on, gravity takes over to move the wastewater through the treatment process.3. Aerating:One of the first steps that a water treatment facility can do is to just shake up the sewage and expose it to air. This causes some of the dissolved gases (such as hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs) that taste and smell bad to be released from the water. Wastewater enters a series of long, parallel concrete tanks. Each tank is divided into two sections. In the first section, air is pumped through the water.As organic matter decays, it uses up oxygen. Aeration replenishes the oxygen. Bubbling oxygen through the water also keeps the organic material suspended while it forces 'grit' (coffeegrounds, sand and other small, dense particles) to settle out. Grit is pumped out of the tanks and taken to landfills.4. Removing sludgeWastewater then enters the second section or sedimentation tanks. Here, the sludge (the organic portion of the sewage) settles out of the wastewater and is pumped out of the tanks. Some of the water is removed in a step called thickening and then the sludge is processed in large tanks called digesters.5. Removing scum:As sludge is settling to the bottom of the sedimentation tanks, lighter materials are floating to the surface. This 'scum' includes grease, oils, plastics, and soap. Slow-moving rakes skim the scum off the surface of the wastewater. Scum is thickened and pumped to the digesters along with the sludge.Many cities also use filtration in sewage treatment. After the solids are removed, the liquid sewage is filtered through a substance, usually sand, by the action of gravity. This method gets rid of almost all bacteria, reduces turbidity and color, removes odors, reduces the amount of iron, and removes most other solid particles that remained in the water. Water is sometimes filtered through carbon particles, which removes organic particles. This method is used in some homes, too.6. Killing bacteria:Finally, the wastewater flows into a 'chlorine contact' tank, where the chemical chlorine is added to kill bacteria, which could pose a health risk, just as is done in swimming pools. The chlorine is mostly eliminated as the bacteria are destroyed, but sometimes it must be neutralized by adding other chemicals. This protects fish and other marine organisms, which can be harmed by the smallest amounts of chlorine.The treated water (called effluent) is then discharged to a local river or the ocean.R. Wastewater Residuals:Another part of treating wastewater is dealing with the solid-waste material. These solids are kept for 20 to 30 days in large, heated and enclosed tanks called 'digesters.' Here, bacteria break down (digest) the material, reducing its volume, odors, and getting rid of organisms that can cause disease. The finished product is mainly sent to landfills, but sometimes can be used as fertilizer.
http://dunia-limbah.blogspot.com/
Environment, Safety & Health
Here's a step-by-step guide describing what happens at each stage of the treatment process and how pollutants are removed to help keep our waterways clean. This information is courtesy of the Greater Vancouve
1. Screening:Wastewater entering the treatment plant includes items like wood, rocks, and even dead animals. Unless they are removed, they could cause problems later in the treatment process. Most of these materials are sent to a landfill.2. Pumping:The wastewater system relies on the force of gravity to move sewage from your home to the treatment plant. So wastewater-treatment plants are located on low ground, often near a river into which treated water can be released. If the plant is built above the ground level, the wastewater has to be pumped up to the aeration tanks (item 3). From here on, gravity takes over to move the wastewater through the treatment process.3. Aerating:One of the first steps that a water treatment facility can do is to just shake up the sewage and expose it to air. This causes some of the dissolved gases (such as hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs) that taste and smell bad to be released from the water. Wastewater enters a series of long, parallel concrete tanks. Each tank is divided into two sections. In the first section, air is pumped through the water.As organic matter decays, it uses up oxygen. Aeration replenishes the oxygen. Bubbling oxygen through the water also keeps the organic material suspended while it forces 'grit' (coffeegrounds, sand and other small, dense particles) to settle out. Grit is pumped out of the tanks and taken to landfills.4. Removing sludgeWastewater then enters the second section or sedimentation tanks. Here, the sludge (the organic portion of the sewage) settles out of the wastewater and is pumped out of the tanks. Some of the water is removed in a step called thickening and then the sludge is processed in large tanks called digesters.5. Removing scum:As sludge is settling to the bottom of the sedimentation tanks, lighter materials are floating to the surface. This 'scum' includes grease, oils, plastics, and soap. Slow-moving rakes skim the scum off the surface of the wastewater. Scum is thickened and pumped to the digesters along with the sludge.Many cities also use filtration in sewage treatment. After the solids are removed, the liquid sewage is filtered through a substance, usually sand, by the action of gravity. This method gets rid of almost all bacteria, reduces turbidity and color, removes odors, reduces the amount of iron, and removes most other solid particles that remained in the water. Water is sometimes filtered through carbon particles, which removes organic particles. This method is used in some homes, too.6. Killing bacteria:Finally, the wastewater flows into a 'chlorine contact' tank, where the chemical chlorine is added to kill bacteria, which could pose a health risk, just as is done in swimming pools. The chlorine is mostly eliminated as the bacteria are destroyed, but sometimes it must be neutralized by adding other chemicals. This protects fish and other marine organisms, which can be harmed by the smallest amounts of chlorine.The treated water (called effluent) is then discharged to a local river or the ocean.R. Wastewater Residuals:Another part of treating wastewater is dealing with the solid-waste material. These solids are kept for 20 to 30 days in large, heated and enclosed tanks called 'digesters.' Here, bacteria break down (digest) the material, reducing its volume, odors, and getting rid of organisms that can cause disease. The finished product is mainly sent to landfills, but sometimes can be used as fertilizer.
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